Requests is one of the, if not the most well-known Python third-party library for Python programmers. With its simple API and high performance, people tend to use requests rather than urllib2 in standard library for HTTP requests. However, people who use requests every day may not know the internals, and today I want to explain two concepts: pool_connections and pool_maxsize.
Let's start with Session:
import requests
s = requests.Session()
s.get('https://www.google.com')
It's pretty simple. You probably know requests' Session persists cookie. Cool. But do you know Session has a mount method?
mount(prefix, adapter)
Registers a connection adapter to a prefix.
Adapters are sorted in descending order by key length.
No? Well, in fact you've already used this method when you initialize a Session object:
class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
def __init__(self):
...
# Default connection adapters.
self.adapters = OrderedDict()
self.mount('https://', HTTPAdapter())
self.mount('http://', HTTPAdapter())
Now comes the interesting part. If you've read Ian Cordasco's article Retries in Requests, you should know that HTTPAdapter can be used to provide retry functionality. But what is an HTTPAdapter really? Quoted from doc:
class requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter(pool_connections=10, pool_maxsize=10, max_retries=0, pool_block=False)
The built-in HTTP Adapter for urllib3.
Provides a general-case interface for Requests sessions to contact HTTP and HTTPS urls by implementing the Transport Adapter interface. This class will usually be created by the Session class under the covers.
Parameters:
* pool_connections – The number of urllib3 connection pools to cache.
* pool_maxsize – The maximum number of connections to save in the pool.
* max_retries(int) – The maximum number of retries each connection should attempt. Note, this applies only to failed DNS lookups, socket connections and connection timeouts, never to requests where data has made it to the server. By default, Requests does not retry failed connections. If you need granular control over the conditions under which we retry a request, import urllib3’s Retry class and pass that instead.
* pool_block – Whether the connection pool should block for connections.
Usage:
>>> import requests
>>> s = requests.Session()
>>> a = requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter(max_retries=3)
>>> s.mount('http://', a)
If the above documentation confuses you, here's my explanation: what HTTP Adapter does is simply providing different configurations for different requests according to target url. Remember the code above?
self.mount('https://', HTTPAdapter())
self.mount('http://', HTTPAdapter())
It creates two HTTPAdapter objects with the default argument pool_connections=10, pool_maxsize=10, max_retries=0, pool_block=False, and mount to https:// and http:// respectively, which means configuration of the first HTTPAdapter() will be used if you try to send a request to http://xxx, and the second HTTPAdapter() for requests to https://xxx. Though in this case two configurations are the same, requests to http and https are still handled separately. We'll see what it means later.
As I said, the main purpose of this article is to explain pool_connections and pool_maxsize.
First let's look at pool_connections. Yesterday I raised a question on stackoverflow cause I'm not sure if my understanding is correct, the answer eliminates my uncertainty. HTTP, as we all know, is based on TCP protocol. An HTTP connection is also a TCP connection, which is identified by a tuple of five values:
(<protocol>, <src addr>, <src port>, <dest addr>, <dest port>)
Say you've established an HTTP/TCP connection with www.example.com, assume the server supports Keep-Alive, next time you send request to www.example.com/a or www.example.com/b, you could just use the same connection cause none of the five values change. In fact, requests' Session automatically does this for you and will reuse connections as long as it can.
The question is, what determines if you can reuse old connection or not? Yes, pool_connections!
pool_connections – The number of urllib3 connection pools to cache.
I know, I know, I don't want to brought so many terminologies either, this is the last one, I promise. For easy understanding, one connection pool corresponds to one host, that's what it is.
Here's an example(unrelated lines are ignored):
s = requests.Session()
s.mount('https://', HTTPAdapter(pool_connections=1))
s.get('https://www.baidu.com')
s.get('https://www.zhihu.com')
s.get('https://www.baidu.com')
"""output
INFO:requests.packages.urllib3.connectionpool:Starting new HTTPS connection (1): www.baidu.com
DEBUG:requests.packages.urllib3.connectionpool:"GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 None
INFO:requests.packages.urllib3.connectionpool:Starting new HTTPS connection (1): www.zhihu.com
DEBUG:requests.packages.urllib3.connectionpool:"GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 2621
INFO:requests.packages.urllib3.connectionpool:Starting new HTTPS connection (1): www.baidu.com
DEBUG:requests.packages.urllib3.connectionpool:"GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 None
"""
HTTPAdapter(pool_connections=1) is mounted to https://, which means only one connection pool persists at a time. After calling s.get('https://www.baidu.com'), the cached connection pool is connectionpool('https://www.baidu.com'). Now s.get('https://www.zhihu.com') came, and the session found that it cannot use the previously cached connection because it's not the same host(one connection pool corresponds to one host, remember?). Therefore the session had to create a new connection pool, or connection if you would like. Since pool_connections=1, session cannot hold two connection pools at the same time, thus it abandoned the old one which is connectionpool('https://www.baidu.com') and kept the new one which is connectionpool('https://www.zhihu.com'). Next get is the same. This is why we see three Starting new HTTPS connection in log.
What if we set pool_connections to 2:
s = requests.Session()
s.mount('https://', HTTPAdapter(pool_connections=2))
s.get('https://www.baidu.com')
s.get('https://www.zhihu.com')
s.get('https://www.baidu.com')
"""output
INFO:requests.packages.urllib3.connectionpool:Starting new HTTPS connection (1): www.baidu.com
DEBUG:requests.packages.urllib3.connectionpool:"GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 None
INFO:requests.packages.urllib3.connectionpool:Starting new HTTPS connection (1): www.zhihu.com
DEBUG:requests.packages.urllib3.connectionpool:"GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 2623
DEBUG:requests.packages.urllib3.connectionpool:"GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 None
"""
Great, now we only created connection twice and saved one connection establishing time.
Finally, pool_maxsize.
First and foremost, you should be caring about pool_maxsize only if you use Session in a multithreaded environment, like making concurrent requests from multiple threads using the same Session.
Actually, pool_maxsize is an argument for initializing urllib3's HTTPConnectionPool, which is exactly the connection pool we mentioned above.
HTTPConnectionPool is a container for a collection of connections to a specific host, and pool_maxsize is the number of connections to save that can be reused. If you're running your code in one thread, it's neither possible nor needed to create multiple connections to the same host, cause requests library is blocking, so that HTTP request are always sent one after another.
Things are different if there are multiple threads.
def thread_get(url):
s.get(url)
s = requests.Session()
s.mount('https://', HTTPAdapter(pool_connections=1, pool_maxsize=2))
t1 = Thread(target=thread_get, args=('https://www.zhihu.com',))
t2 = Thread(target=thread_get, args=('https://www.zhihu.com/question/36612174',))
t1.start();t2.start()
t1.join();t2.join()
t3 = Thread(target=thread_get, args=('https://www.zhihu.com/question/39420364',))
t4 = Thread(target=thread_get, args=('https://www.zhihu.com/question/21362402',))
t3.start();t4.start()
"""output
INFO:requests.packages.urllib3.connectionpool:Starting new HTTPS connection (1): www.zhihu.com
INFO:requests.packages.urllib3.connectionpool:Starting new HTTPS connection (2): www.zhihu.com
DEBUG:requests.packages.urllib3.connectionpool:"GET /question/36612174 HTTP/1.1" 200 21906
DEBUG:requests.packages.urllib3.connectionpool:"GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 2606
DEBUG:requests.packages.urllib3.connectionpool:"GET /question/21362402 HTTP/1.1" 200 57556
DEBUG:requests.packages.urllib3.connectionpool:"GET /question/39420364 HTTP/1.1" 200 28739
"""
See? It established two connections for the same host www.zhihu.com, like I said, this can only happen in a multithreaded environment.
In this case, we create a connectionpool with pool_maxsize=2, and there're no more than two connections at the same time, so it's enough.
We can see that requests from t3 and t4 did not create new connections, they reused the old ones.
What if there's not enough size?
s = requests.Session()
s.mount('https://', HTTPAdapter(pool_connections=1, pool_maxsize=1))
t1 = Thread(target=thread_get, args=('https://www.zhihu.com',))
t2 = Thread(target=thread_get, args=('https://www.zhihu.com/question/36612174',))
t1.start()
t2.start()
t1.join();t2.join()
t3 = Thread(target=thread_get, args=('https://www.zhihu.com/question/39420364',))
t4 = Thread(target=thread_get, args=('https://www.zhihu.com/question/21362402',))
t3.start();t4.start()
t3.join();t4.join()
"""output
INFO:requests.packages.urllib3.connectionpool:Starting new HTTPS connection (1): www.zhihu.com
INFO:requests.packages.urllib3.connectionpool:Starting new HTTPS connection (2): www.zhihu.com
DEBUG:requests.packages.urllib3.connectionpool:"GET /question/36612174 HTTP/1.1" 200 21906
DEBUG:requests.packages.urllib3.connectionpool:"GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 2606
WARNING:requests.packages.urllib3.connectionpool:Connection pool is full, discarding connection: www.zhihu.com
INFO:requests.packages.urllib3.connectionpool:Starting new HTTPS connection (3): www.zhihu.com
DEBUG:requests.packages.urllib3.connectionpool:"GET /question/39420364 HTTP/1.1" 200 28739
DEBUG:requests.packages.urllib3.connectionpool:"GET /question/21362402 HTTP/1.1" 200 57556
WARNING:requests.packages.urllib3.connectionpool:Connection pool is full, discarding connection: www.zhihu.com
"""
Now, pool_maxsize=1，warning came as expected:
Connection pool is full, discarding connection: www.zhihu.com
We can also noticed that since only one connection can be saved in this pool, a new connection is created again for t3 or t4. Obviously this is very inefficient. That's why in urllib3's documentation it says:
If you’re planning on using such a pool in a multithreaded environment, you should set the maxsize of the pool to a higher number, such as the number of threads.
Last but not least, HTTPAdapter instances mounted to different prefixes are independent.
s = requests.Session()
s.mount('https://', HTTPAdapter(pool_connections=1, pool_maxsize=2))
s.mount('https://baidu.com', HTTPAdapter(pool_connections=1, pool_maxsize=1))
t1 = Thread(target=thread_get, args=('https://www.zhihu.com',))
t2 =Thread(target=thread_get, args=('https://www.zhihu.com/question/36612174',))
t1.start();t2.start()
t1.join();t2.join()
t3 = Thread(target=thread_get, args=('https://www.zhihu.com/question/39420364',))
t4 = Thread(target=thread_get, args=('https://www.zhihu.com/question/21362402',))
t3.start();t4.start()
t3.join();t4.join()
"""output
INFO:requests.packages.urllib3.connectionpool:Starting new HTTPS connection (1): www.zhihu.com
INFO:requests.packages.urllib3.connectionpool:Starting new HTTPS connection (2): www.zhihu.com
DEBUG:requests.packages.urllib3.connectionpool:"GET /question/36612174 HTTP/1.1" 200 21906
DEBUG:requests.packages.urllib3.connectionpool:"GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 2623
DEBUG:requests.packages.urllib3.connectionpool:"GET /question/39420364 HTTP/1.1" 200 28739
DEBUG:requests.packages.urllib3.connectionpool:"GET /question/21362402 HTTP/1.1" 200 57669
"""
The above code is easy to understand so I'm not gonna explain.
I guess that's all. Hope this article help you understand requests better. BTW I created a gist here which contains all of the testing code used in this article. Just download and play with it :)
Appendix
- For https, requests uses urllib3's HTTPSConnectionPool, but it's pretty much the same as HTTPConnectionPool so I didn't differeniate them in this article.
Session's mount method ensures the longest prefix gets matched first. Its implementation is pretty interesting so I posted it here.
def mount(self, prefix, adapter):
"""Registers a connection adapter to a prefix.
Adapters are sorted in descending order by key length."""
self.adapters[prefix] = adapter
keys_to_move = [k for k in self.adapters if len(k) < len(prefix)]
for key in keys_to_move:
self.adapters[key] = self.adapters.pop(key)
Note that self.adapters is an OrderedDict.
A more advanced config option pool_block
Notice that when creating an adapter, we didn't introduce the last parameter pool_block
HTTPAdapter(pool_connections=10, pool_maxsize=10, max_retries=0, pool_block=False)
Setting it to True is equivalent to setting block=True when creating a urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool, the effect is this, quoted from urllib3's doc:
If set to True, no more than maxsize connections will be used at a time. When no free connections are available, the call will block until a connection has been released. This is a useful side effect for particular multithreaded situations where one does not want to use more than maxsize connections per host to prevent flooding.
But actually, requests doesn't set a timeout(https://github.com/shazow/urllib3/issues/1101), which means that if there's no free connection, an EmptyPoolError will be raised immediately.
刚发现，我就说为什么白天晕乎乎的，原来是吃了白加黑的黑片_(:3」∠)_
